Writing Logically, Thinking Critically 8th Edition Sheila Cooper, Rosemary Patton
DETAILED CONTENTS
Guide to Readings
Preface
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xii
C H A P T E R 1
Thinking and Writing—A Critical Connection
Thinking Made Visible 1
Critical Thinking 2
AN OPEN MIND—EXAMINING YOUR WORLD VIEW 3
HEDGEHOGS AND FOXES 5
Writing as a Process 7
INVENTION STRATEGIES—GENERATING IDEAS 8
THE FIRST DRAFT 9
THE TIME TO BE CRITICAL 10
Audience and Purpose 11
E-MAIL AND TEXT MESSAGING 12
WRITING ASSIGNMENT i Considering Your Audience and Purpose 13
Reason, Intuition, Imagination, and Metaphor 14
REASONING BY ANALOGY 18
SUMMARY 21
KEY TERMS 21
1
C H A P T E R 2
Critical Thought
What Is an Inference? 23
HOW RELIABLE IS AN INFERENCE? 24
What Is a Fact? 25
RELIABILITY OF FACTS IN A CHANGING WORLD 26
What Is a Judgment? 26
Achieving a Balance Between Inference and Facts 31
FACTS ONLY 32
INFERENCES ONLY 33
WRITING ASSIGNMENT 2 Reconstructing the Lost Tribe 33
Reading Critically 36
Making Inferences—Writing About Fiction 36
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V
v l D E T A I L E D C O N T E N T S
WRITING ASSIGNMENT 3 Interpreting Fiction 39
Making Inferences—Analyzing Images 41
PERSUADING WITH VISUAL IMAGES 43
EXAMINING ADS 43
VIVID WARNINGS 46
VISUAL IMAGES AND THE LAW 48
SUMMARY 49
KEY TERMS 49
C H A P T E R 3
The Structure of Argument
Premises and Conclusions 5 7
Distinguishing Between Premises and Conclusions 52
Standard Form 53
WRITING ASSIGNMENT 4 Creating a Political Handout 56
Ambiguous Argument Structure 57
Hidden Assumptions in Argument 59
DANGERS OF HIDDEN ASSUMPTIONS 61
HIDDEN ASSUMPTIONS AND STANDARD FORM 61
HIDDEN ASSUMPTIONS AND AUDIENCE AWARENESS 64
Summaries 65
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING A SUMMARY 65
AN EXAMPLE OF A SUMMARY 66
WRITING ASSIGNMENT 5 Summarizing an Article 67
Argument and Explanation—Distinctions 68
SUMMARY 70
KEY TERMS 70
50
C H A P T E R 4
Written Argument
Focusing Your Topic 71
THE ISSUE 72
THE QUESTION AT ISSUE 72
THE THESIS 73
Shaping a Written Argument—Rhetorical Strategies 75
THE INTRODUCTION 76
THE DEVELOPMENT OF YOUR ARGUMENT 76
HOW MANY PREMISES SHOULD AN ARGUMENT HAVE? 77
THE CONCLUSION 78
71
D E T A I L E D C O N T E N T S vii
A Dialectical Approach to Argument 79
ADDRESSING COUNTERARGUMENTS 79
HOW MUCH COUNTERARGUMENT? 80
REFUTATION AND CONCESSION 80
ROGERIAN STRATEGY 81
WHEN THERE IS NO OTHER SIDE 82
Logical Connections—Coherence 82
JOINING WORDS 83
MORE ON COHERENCE 84
Sample Essays 85
A Two-Step Process for Writing a Complete Argument 89
WRITING ASSIGNMENT 6 Arguing Both Sides of an Issue 89
WRITING ASSIGNMENT 7 Taking a Stand 91
SUMMARY 92
KEY TERMS 93
C H A P T E R 5
The Language of Argument—Definition
Definition and Perception 95
WHO CONTROLS THE DEFINITIONS? 95
DEFINING OURSELVES 95
SHIFTING DEFINITIONS 97
DEFINITION: THE SOCIAL SCIENCES AND GOVERNMENT 98
Language: An Abstract System of Symbols 99
THE IMPORTANCE OF CONCRETE EXAMPLES 102
ABSTRACTIONS AND EVASION 104
EUPHEMISM AND CONNOTATION 105
Definition in Written Argument 111
APPOSITIVES—A STRATEGY FOR DEFINING TERMS WITHIN THE SENTENCE 111
APPOSITIVES AND ARGUMENT 112
PUNCTUATION OF APPOSITIVES IIS
EXTENDED DEFINITION 114
WRITING ASSIGNMENT 8 Composing an Argument Based on a Definition 117
Inventing a New Word to Fill a Need 119
WRITING ASSIGNMENT 9 Creating a New Word 120
SUMMARY 121
KEY TERMS 121
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vlll D E T A I L E D C O N T E N T S
C H A P T E R 6
Fallacious Arguments 122
What Is a Fallacious Argument? 122
APPEAL TO AUTHORITY 123
APPEAL TO FEAR 124
APPEAL TO PJTY 125
BEGGING THE QUESTION 125
DOUBLE STANDARD 127
EQUIVOCATION 129
FALSE ANALOGY 130
FALSE CAUSE 131
FALSE DILEMMA 132
HASTY GENERALIZATION 134
PERSONAL ATTACK 134
POISONING THE WELL 136
RED HERRING 136
SLIPPERY SLOPE 137
STRAW MAN 138
WRITING ASSIGNMENT io Analyzing an Extended Argument 143
KEY TERMS 145
C H A P T E R 7
Deductive and Inductive Argument ;
Key Distinctions 148
(1) NECESSITY VERSUS PROBABILITY 149
(2) FROM GENERAL TO SPECIFIC, SPECIFIC TO GENERAL 149
The Relationship Between Induction and Deduction ISO
Deductive Reasoning 156
CLASS LOGIC 156
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CLASSES 157
CLASS LOGIC AND THE SYLLOGISM 159
Hypothetical Arguments 168
THE VALID HYPOTHETICAL ARGUMENT 168
THE INVALID HYPOTHETICAL ARGUMENT 169
NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS 169
HYPOTHETICAL CHAINS 170
HYPOTHETICAL CLAIMS AND EVERYDAY REASONING 171
Inductive Reasoning 174
GENERALIZATION 175
THE DIRECTION OF INDUCTIVE REASONING 176
TESTING INDUCTIVE GENERALIZATIONS 176
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT SURVEYS AND STATISTICS 179
1 4 8
D E T A I L E D C O N T E N T S rx
MISTAKING CORRELATION FOR CAUSATION 180
EPIDEMIOLOGY 181
CONSIDERING THE SOURCE 182
WRITING ASSIGNMENTll Questioning Generalizations 187
WRITING ASSIGNMENT 12 Conducting a Survey: A Collaborative Project 187
SUMMARY 189
KEY TERMS 189
C H A P T E R 8
The Language of Argument—Style
Parallelism 191
THE STRUCTURE OF PARALLELISM 192
THE LOGIC OF PARALLEL SERIES 194
EMPHASIZING IDEAS WITH PARALLELISM 195
Sharpening Sentences, Eliminating Wordiness 196
CONCRETE SUBJECTS 197
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VERBS 197
PASSIVE VERBS AND EVASION 198
WHEN THE PASSIVE IS APPROPRIATE 198
CONSISTENT SENTENCE SUBJECTS 198
SUMMARY 201
KEY TERMS 202
191
A Quick Guide to Evaluating Sources and Integrating
Research into Your Own Writing
WHERE TO BEGIN 203
EVALUATING ONLINE SOURCES 204
CHECKING FOR BIAS 205
THREE OPTIONS FOR INCLUDING RESEARCH 206
BLEND QUOTATIONS AND PARAPHRASES INTO YOUR OWN WRITING 207
MAKE THE PURPOSE CLEAR 207
PUNCTUATION AND FORMAT OF QUOTATIONS 207
OMITTING WORDS FROM A DIRECT QUOTATION—ELLIPSIS 208
PLAGIARISM 208
A FINAL NOTE 209
203
Additional Readings 210
"Living With Less. A Lot Less./' Graham Hill 210
"You Are What You Speak," Guy Deutscher 214
"The Order of Things;" Malcolm Gladwell 221
Text Credits 234
Index 236
GUIDE TO READINGS
C H A P T E R 1
Thinking and Writing—A Critical Connection 1
"The Problem with New Data,"Jon Carroll 5
NEWSPAPER COLUMN
"The Child's Draft," Anne Lamott 9
BOOK EXCERPT
"Poetry for Everyday Life," David Brooks 16
NEWSPAPER COLUMN
"What Will It Take," Jimmy Chung 19
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
"Safety Could Pay for Weapons Makers," Rob Cox 19
NEWSPAPER EDITORIAL
C H A P T E R 2
Critical Thought .
From"The Adventure of the Speckled Band" Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 23
FICTION
"The Totleigh Riddles," John Cotton 29
POEM
"The Story of an Hour," Kate Chopin 37
FICTION
"Hostess," Donald Mangum 39
FICTION
22
C H A P T E R 3
The Structure of Argument
"A Dangerous Came,"Will Dvorak 58
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
"Ap Courses—Mounting Burden, Declining Benefit," Nathan Yan 67
STUDENT ESSAY
50
C H A P T E R 4
Written Argument
"Could It Be That Video Carnes Are Good for Kids?" Steven Johnson 85
NEWSPAPER EDITORIAL
"Elite Colleges, or Colleges for the Elite?" Richard D. Kohlenberg 87
NEWSPAPER EDITORIAL
"Who Needs Alzheimer's Testing?" Wellness Letter 90
ARTICLE
71
x
G U I D E T O R E A D I N G S xl
C H A P T E R 5
The Language of Argument—Definition
"The Voice You Hear When You Read Silently," Thomas Lux 700
POEM
"Telling the Brutal Truth,"Clark Hoyt 108
NEWSPAPER COLUMN
"Miss C: A Case of Internet Addiction," Virginia Heffernan 11S
NEWSPAPER EDITORIAL
"Slut," Maureen Dowd 118
NEWSPAPER EDITORIAL
94
C H A P T E R 6
Fallacious Arguments
"On Date Rape," Camille Paglia 744
NEWSPAPER EDITORIAL
122
C H A P T E R 7
Deductive and Inductive Argument
"Mechanics' Logic," Robert Pirsig 7S1
BOOK EXCERPT
"A Study in Scarlet," Arthur Conan Doyle 755
BOOK EXCERPT
"To His Coy Mistress," Andrew Marvell 172
POEM
"Dulce et Decorum Est,"Wilfred Owen 774
POEM
"Preventive Medicine, Properly Practiced," Dr. Susan Love 185
NEWSPAPER EDITORIAL
148
Additional Readings
"Living With Less. A Lot Less,," Graham Hill 210
NEWSPAPER EDITORIAL
"You Are What You Speak," Guy Deutscher 2 74
MAGAZINE ARTICLE
"The Order of Things," Malcolm Gladwell 22 7
MAGAZINE ARTICLE